Da eficiência à segurança a reconfiguração geopolítica das cadeias globais de valor
Barra lateral de artigos
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Este artigo examina como a segurança econômica e as dependências estratégicas vêm reorganizando as cadeias globais de valor
e criando desafios para o sistema multilateral de comércio. Sustenta-se que essas cadeias, antes orientadas sobretudo por critérios de eficiência, passam a ser influenciadas por preocupações geopolíticas ligadas à resiliência produtiva e à confiabilidade dos parceiros comerciais. A partir de uma abordagem jurídica interdisciplinar, o artigo analisa a passagem do paradigma da eficiência para o da segurança econômica, examinando instrumentos como friendshoring, reshoring, controles de exportação e política industrial. Argumenta-se que esse movimento atribui nova relevância à identidade dos parceiros comerciais, tensionando a lógica da não discriminação. Conclui-se que a transformação em curso representa uma reconfiguração das cadeias globais, e não o fim da globalização ou do multilateralismo, permanecendo a OMC uma instituição central em processo de adaptação.
Detalhes do artigo
Referências
ACORDO GERAL SOBRE TARIFAS E COMÉRCIO (GATT 1994). Anexo 1A do Acordo de Marraquexe que constitui a Organização Mundial do Comércio, 1994 (em especial arts. I, III, XI, XX, XXI e XXIV).
AIYAR, Shekhar et al. Geoeconomic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism. IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/2023/001. Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2023.
BALDWIN, David A. Economic Statecraft. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985 (ed. rev. 2020).
BALDWIN, Richard. The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016.
BOWN, Chad P. Export Controls: America’s Other National Security Threat. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, v. 30, n. 2, p. 283-308, 2020.
BRADFORD, Anu. Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
BULL, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. London: Macmillan, 1977.
CAFAGGI, Fabrizio. The Regulatory Functions of Transnational Commercial Contracts: New Architectures. Fordham International Law Journal, v. 36, n. 6, p. 1557-1618, 2013.
CHRISTOPHER, Martin. The Agile Supply Chain: Competing in Volatile Markets. Industrial Marketing Management, v. 29, n. 1, p. 37-44, 2000.
CHRISTOPHER, Martin; PECK, Helen. Building the Resilient Supply Chain. International Journal of Logistics Management, v. 15, n. 2, p. 1-14, 2004.
FARRELL, Henry; NEWMAN, Abraham L. Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security, v. 44, n. 1, p. 42-79, 2019.
FARRELL, Henry; NEWMAN, Abraham. Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2023.
FISHER, Marshall L. What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product? Harvard Business Review, v. 75, n. 2, p. 105-116, 1997.
FUKUYAMA, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press, 1992.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION; HIGH REPRESENTATIVE. An EU approach to enhance economic security. Joint Communication, JOIN(2023) 20 final. Brussels, 20 jun. 2023.
ESTADOS UNIDOS. CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-167; Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-169.
GEREFFI, Gary; HUMPHREY, John; STURGEON, Timothy. The Governance of Global Value Chains. Review of International Political Economy, v. 12, n. 1, p. 78-104, 2005.
HILLMAN, Jennifer A. The United States Needs a Reformed WTO. Now. Prepared Statement before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Hearing on WTO Reform: Making Global Rules Work for Global Challenges. Washington, D.C., 29 jul. 2020.
HIRSCHMAN, Albert O. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945.
HOEKMAN, Bernard M.; MAVROIDIS, Petros C. WTO Reform: Back to the Past to Build for the Future. Global Policy, v. 12, supl. 3, p. 5-12, 2021.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions. Paris: IEA, 2021.
JUHÁSZ, Réka; LANE, Nathan; RODRIK, Dani. The New Economics of Industrial Policy. Annual Review of Economics, v. 16, p. 213-242, 2024.
KEOHANE, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
KILCREASE, Emily. Outbound Investment Controls in a U.S. Economic Security Strategy. Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on “Key Economic Strategies for Leveling the U.S.-China Playing Field: Trade, Investment, and Technology”. Washington, D.C.: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 23 maio 2024.
LAFER, Celso. A OMC e a regulamentação do comércio internacional: uma visão brasileira. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 1998.
LUTTWAK, Edward N. From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, n. 20, p. 17-23, 1990.
MASTANDUNO, Michael. Economic Containment: CoCom and the Politics of East-West Trade. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992.
MAVROIDIS, Petros C. The Regulation of International Trade: GATT. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016. v. 1.
MILBERG, William; WINKLER, Deborah. Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
MILLER, Chris. Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York: Scribner, 2022.
MUDAMBI, Ram. Location, Control and Innovation in Knowledge Intensive Industries. Journal of Economic Geography, v. 8, n. 5, p. 699-725, 2008.
OECD. OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2023. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2023. Disponível em: [https://doi.org/10.1787/a2d6acac-en].
OLIVER, R. Keith; WEBBER, Michael D. Supply-Chain Management: Logistics Catches Up with Strategy (1982). In: CHRISTOPHER, Martin (ed.). Logistics: The Strategic Issues. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.
PETTIT, Timothy J.; FIKSEL, Joseph; CROXTON, Keely L. Ensuring Supply Chain Resilience: Development of a Conceptual Framework. Journal of Business Logistics, v. 31, n. 1, p. 1-21, 2010.
PINCHIS-PAULSEN, Mona. Trade Multilateralism and U.S. National Security: The Making of the GATT Security Exceptions. Michigan Journal of International Law, v. 41, n. 1, p. 109-193, 2020.
RICARDO, David. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray, 1817.
ROBERTS, Anthea; CHOER MORAES, Henrique; FERGUSON, Victor. Toward a Geoeconomic Order in International Trade and Investment. Journal of International Economic Law, v. 22, n. 4, p. 655-676, 2019.
RODRIK, Dani. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
RUGGIE, John Gerard. International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order. International Organization, v. 36, n. 2, p. 379-415, 1982.
SHAFFER, Gregory. Governing the Interface of U.S.–China Trade Relations. American Journal of International Law, v. 115, n. 4, p. 622-675, 2021.
SOLINGEN, Etel (ed.). Geopolitics, Supply Chains, and International Relations in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
THORSTENSEN, Vera. OMC - Organização Mundial do Comércio - As Regras do Comércio Internacional e a Rodada do Milênio. São Paulo: Ed. Aduaneiras, 1999.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Regulamento (UE) 2019/452, de 19 de março de 2019 (regime de análise dos investimentos diretos estrangeiros na União).
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Regulamento (UE) 2023/956, de 10 de maio de 2023 (Mecanismo de Ajustamento das Emissões de Carbono nas Fronteiras).
VOON, Tania. The Security Exception in WTO Law: Entering a New Era. American Journal of International Law Unbound, v. 113, p. 45-50, 2019.
VON DER LEYEN, Ursula. Speech on EU-China relations. European Policy Centre, Brussels, 30 mar. 2023.
WOMACK, James P.; JONES, Daniel T.; ROOS, Daniel. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Free Press, 1990.
WOODLEY, Daniel. Globalization and Capitalist Geopolitics: Sovereignty and State Power in a Multipolar World. London: Routledge, 2015.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit, WT/DS512/R. Relatório do Painel adotado em 26 abr. 2019.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). United States - Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminium Products, WT/DS544/R e apensos. Relatórios dos Painéis, 2022.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). Brazil - Certain Measures Concerning Taxation and Charges (Inovar-Auto), WT/DS472 e WT/DS497. Relatórios do Painel e do Órgão de Apelação adotados em 11 jan. 2019.
WU, Mark. The “China, Inc.” Challenge to Global Trade Governance. Harvard International Law Journal, v. 57, n. 2, p. 261-324, 2016.
YELLEN, Janet L. Special Address on the Future of the Global Economy and U.S. Economic Leadership. Atlantic Council, Washington, 13 abr. 2022.
ZSIDISIN, George; SMITH, Michael. Managing Supply Risk With Early Supplier Involvement: A Case Study and Research Propositions. Journal of Supply Chain Management, v. 41, p. 44-57, 2005. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-493X.2005.04104005.x.