Da transparência aos normas técnicas o papel do acordo TBT na abordagem dos desafios regulatórios da IA
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Este artigo examina o papel do Acordo sobre Barreiras Técnicas ao Comércio (Acordo TBT) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) no enfrentamento dos desafios regulatórios decorrentes da proliferação de regulações sobre inteligência artificial (IA). O objetivo é avaliar de que forma o Acordo TBT pode facilitar a cooperação internacional, aprimorar a transparência e mitigar a fragmentação regulatória no contexto de uma “governança multinível da IA”. A metodologia consiste em uma análise doutrinária das disposições do Acordo TBT – especialmente aquelas relacionadas à transparência, notificação e uso de normas técnicas internacionais – complementada por estudos de caso de medidas regulatórias recentes sobre IA, como o Regulamento de IA da União Europeia (UE), e seu tratamento no âmbito do sistema da OMC. O artigo também se baseia em jurisprudência da OMC e em dados empíricos sobre notificações e Preocupações Comerciais Específicas (PCEs) para avaliar a aplicação prática do arcabouço do TBT a medidas relacionadas à IA. Em conclusão, o artigo sustenta que o Acordo TBT oferece ferramentas valiosas para aprimorar a governança da IA e reduzir a fragmentação regulatória, mas também destaca a necessidade de reformas adicionais para garantir sua efetividade contínua diante do avanço das tecnologias digitais.
Detalles del artículo
Citas
MAYO, Allan; PAROKKIL, Cindy. BSI Whitepaper: The Role of Standards in Supporting the Transition to a Digital Economy and Facilitating Digital Trade: Transforming Systems Using Standards. Disponível em: https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/insights-and-media/insights/whitepapers/standards-and-digitalization-in-developing-economies/. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
BRADFORD, Anu. Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023.
CIHON, Peter. Standards for AI Governance: International Standards to Enable Global Coordination in AI Research & Development. Oxford: Future of Humanity Institute, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Standards_-FHI-Technical-Report.pdf. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. Council of Europe Adopts First International Treaty on Artificial Intelligence. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-adopts-first-international-treaty-on-artificial-intelligence. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2024.
DIPLOMACY.EDU. The WTO Joint Initiative: Stabilised Agreement on Electronic Commerce – Looking at the Broader Picture. Disponível em: https://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/the-wto-joint-initiative-stabilised-agreement-on-electronic-commerce-looking-at-the-broader-picture/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2025.
DIGITAL POLICY ALERT. Regulatory Activity Around AI. 2025. Disponível em: https://digitalpolicyalert.org/blog/regulatory-activity-around-ai. Acesso em: 16 jan. 2025.
EUROPEAN UNION. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council. 2025. Disponível em: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1689. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2025.
JUDGE, Brian; NITZBERG, Mark; RUSSELL, Stuart. When Code Isn’t Law: Rethinking Regulation for Artificial Intelligence. Policy and Society, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/polsoc/puae020. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
KLOTZ, Sebastian. International Standardization and Trade Regulation: Exploring Linkages between International Standardization Organizations and International Trade Agreements. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2024.
LACHMANN, Niels. Chasing the Elusive Bird? The Technological Development of the Digital Economy and International Trade Law’s Susceptibility to a Pacing Problem. The Journal of World Investment & Trade, v. 26, n. 3, p. 479–511, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340368. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
SANTANA, Roy; DOBHAL, Adeet. Canary in a Coal Mine: How Trade Concerns at the Goods Council Reflect the Changing Landscape of Trade Frictions at the WTO. World Trade Organization, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/french/res_f/reser_f/ersd202404_f.htm. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
SOPRANA, Marta. Compatibility of Emerging AI Regulation with GATS and TBT: The EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Journal of International Economic Law, 2024. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgae040. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024. 2024. Disponível em: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/report/. Acesso em: 23 jun. 2024.
THE ECONOMIST. China is Writing the World’s Technology Rules. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.economist.com/business/2024/10/10/china-is-writing-the-worlds-technology-rules. Acesso em: 18 out. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO). How ISO and IEC Are Developing International Standards for the Responsible Adoption of AI. Disponível em: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/how-iso-and-iec-are-developing-international-standards-responsible-adoption-ai. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS. United Nations System White Paper on AI Governance: An Analysis of the UN System’s Institutional Models, Functions, and Existing International Normative Frameworks Applicable to AI Governance. 2024. Disponível em: https://unsceb.org/united-nations-system-white-paper-ai-governance. Acesso em: 5 ago. 2024.
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD). AI’s $4.8 Trillion Future: UN Trade and Development Alerts Divides, Urges Action. 2025. Disponível em: https://unctad.org/news/ais-48-trillion-future-un-trade-and-development-alerts-divides-urges-action. Acesso em: 16 jul. 2025.
UNITED STATES. Congressional Research Service. Artificial Intelligence: Background, Selected Issues, and Policy Considerations. R46852, updated September 1, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46852. Acesso em: 9 out. 2025.
VAN DEN BOSSCHE, Peter; ZDOUC, Werner. The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases, and Materials. 5. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). Trading with Intelligence: How AI Shapes and Is Shaped by International Trade. Geneva: WTO Secretariat, 2024. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/trading_with_intelligence_e.htm. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). The WTO Agreements Series: Technical Barriers to Trade. 3. ed. 2024.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. E-commerce JSI: Co-convenors Announce Stabilized Outcome Text. 25 abr. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/ecom_25apr24_e.htm. Acesso em: 12 set. 2025.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION. Analytical Index: Technical Barriers to Trade. Disponível em: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/ai17_e/tbt_e.htm. Acesso em: 1 out. 2024.