Marés tarifárias a quarta onda do protecionismo e as reações globais às tarifas unilaterais

Abstract

This article analyzes the fourth wave of contemporary protectionism based on the so-called tarifaço promoted by the United
States in 2018, highlighting its impacts on the multilateral trading system and global value chains. It argues that this US policy represented more than a trade barrier, becoming a symbolic milestone in the erosion of multilateralism, evidenced by the rise of unilateralism and the instrumentalization of justifications to legitimize arbitrary measures. Based on a historical-normative analysis, the study demonstrates how normative fragmentation, expressed in the proliferation of bilateral and regional agreements and trade practices such as shoring, challenges the founding principles of the World Trade Organization and calls into question the multilateral logic. It concludes that, in the face of the crisis in the multilateral system, developing countries must adopt hybrid
strategies (legal, diplomatic, and industrial) to avoid marginalization in production chains and strengthen their international integration in a proactive and resilient manner.