Inovação, patentes epipeline na indústria farmacêutica e bem-estar social
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
O fortalecimento dos direitos de propriedade é um aspecto fundamental para a criação de incentivos à inovação e para a disseminação de seus benefícios à sociedade. Uma ampla literatura econômica – de diferentes matrizes teóricas – tem-se debruçado sobre essa temática, elaborando implicações normativas que apontam para a importância da estruturação de regimes de propriedade industrial e intelectual que forneçam uma base legal e institucional adequada à geração de um fluxo continuado de inovações, capaz de impulsionar o processo de desenvolvimento econômico e de ampliar os níveis de bem-estar social.
Downloads
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Referências
ALBUQUERQUE, E. M. 1998. As múltiplas dimensões das patentes: notas a partir de um survey da literatura mainstream. Análise Econômica, ano 16, n. 29, p. 87-102, mar. 1998.
ALBUQUERQUE, E. M. 2000. Informação, conhecimento e apropriação: notas sobre o significado econômico das patentes e os impactos da emergência de uma economia baseada no conhecimento. Perspectivas em Ciência da Informação, v. 5, n. 2, p. 243-254.
ALBUQUERQUE, E. M. 1996. Sistemas nacionais de inovação e direitos de propriedade industrial: notas introdutórias a um debate necessário. Estudos Econômicos, v. 26, n. 2, p. 171-200, maio-ago. 1996.
ARORA, A.; CECCAGNOLI, M. 2004. Patent protection, complementary assets, and firms’ incentives for technology licensing. Fontainebleau, France: INSEAD.
ARROW, K. 1971. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: LAMBERTON, D. (ed.). Economics of information and knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
ARROW, K. 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: NELSON, R. (ed.) The rate and direction of inventive activity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ARROW, K. 1984. The economics of information. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, v. 4)
ARROW, K. 1994. The production and distribution of knowledge. In: SILVERBERG, G.; SOETE, L. The economics of growth and technical change. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
BARBOSA, A. L. F. 1999. Sobre a propriedade do trabalho intelectual: uma perspectiva crítica. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ.
BARBOSA, D. B. 2006. Inconstitucionalidade das patentes pipeline, mimeo.
BASTOS, V. D. 2005. Inovação farmacêutica: padrão setorial e perspectivas para o caso brasileiro. BNDES Setorial, Rio de Janeiro, n. 22, p. 271-296, set. 2005.
BENTOLILA, H. 2004. Lessons from the United States trade policies to convert a “pirate”: the case of pharmaceutical patents in Argentina. mimeo.
BOULET, P.; GARRISON, C.; HOEN, E. 2004. Drug patents under the spotlight: Sharing practical knowledge about pharmaceutical patents. Medecins Sans Frontières.
CHAVES, G.; OLIVEIRA, M. A.; HASENCLEVE, L.; MELO, L. M. A. 2007. A evolução do sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual: proteção patentária para o setor farmacêutico e acesso a medicamentos. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 23(2), p. 257-267, fev. 2007.
COHEN, W. M. 2005. Patents and appropriation: concerns and evidence. Journal of Technology Transfer, v. 30, Issue 1-2, p. 57-71, Jan. 2005.
COHEN, W. M. 2003. Patents: their effectiveness and role. Durham (North Carolina): Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, November 14.
COHEN, J.; DAN, L. 2004. Canada and Brazil dealing with tension between ensuring access to medicines and complying with pharmaceutical patent standards: is the story the same? Comparative Program on Health and Society, Working Paper Series 2003/2004, University of Toronto.
COHEN, W. M.; GOTO, A.; NAGATA, A.; NELSON, R. R.; WALSH, J. P. 2002. R&D spillovers, patents and the incentives to innovate in Japan and the United States. Research Policy, 31, p. 1349-1367.
COHEN, W. M.; MERRILL, S. (ed.). 2003. Introduction. In: Patents in the knowledge-based economy. Washington, DC.: National Academies Press.
COHEN, W. M.; NELSON, R. R.; WALSH, J. P. 2002. Protecting their intellectual assets: appropriability conditions and why US manufacturing firms patent or not. NBER Working Paper 7552.
DiMASI, J. F.; HANSEN, R. W.; GRABOWSKI, H. 2003. The price of innovation: new estimates of drug development costs. Journal of Health Economics, v. 22, p. 151-185.
DOSI, G. 1988b. Sources, procedures, and microeconomics effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, v. XXVI, set. 1988.
DOSI, G. 1984. Technical change and industrial transformation. London: Macmillan.
DOSI, G. 1982. Technological paradigms e technological trajectories. Research Policy, v. 11, p. 147-162.
DOSI, G. 1988a. The nature of the innovative process. In: DOSI, G.; FREEMAN, C.; NELSON, R.; SILVERBERG, G.; SOETE, L. Technical change and economic theory. London: Francis Printer.
DOSI, G.; GIANNETTI, R.; TONINELLI, P. 1992. Technology and business firms. In: DOSI et al. (org.). Technology and enterprise in a historical perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
DOSI, G.; MARENGO, L.; PASQUALI, C. 2006. How much should society fuel the greed of innovators? On the relations between appropriability, opportunities and rates of innovation. LEM Paper Series, n. 2006/17, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italia, July 2006.
DUFFY, J. F. 2005. A minimum optimal patent term. Berkeley: Berkeley Center for Law and Technology, University of California, Paper 4.
EDQUIST, C.; JOHNSON, B. 1997. Institutions and Organizations in Systems of Innovation. In: EDQUIST, C. Systems of innovation: technologies, institutions and organizations. London: Pinter/Cassell Academic.
EPSTEIN, R.; KUHLIK, B. 2000. Navigating the anticommons for pharmaceutical patents: steady the course on hatch-waxman. Chicago: The Law School, The University of Chicago.
FIUZA, E.; LISBOA, M. B. 2001. Bens credenciais e poder de mercado: um estudo econométrico da indústria farmacêutica brasileira. Texto para Discussão do IPEA n. 846. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA.
FREEMAN, C. 1975. La teoría económica de la innovación industrial. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
FREEMAN, C. 1974. The economics of industrial innovation. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
GLASGOW, L. J. 2001. Stretching the limits of intellectual property rights: has the pharmaceutical industry gone too far? The Journal of Law and Technology, 41(2), p. 227-258.
GRABOWSKI, H. 2002. Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals. Duke University, Jul. Disponível em: http://www.dklevine.com/archive/grabow-patents_innov.pdf.
HAHN, R. The economics of patent protection: policy implications from the literature. A.
HEERTJE, A. 1984. Economía y progreso técnico. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
HEERTJE, A. 1988. Schumpeter and technical change. In: HANUSH, H. (org.) Evolutionary economics. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
HELLER, M. A.; EISENBERG, R. S. 1998. Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research. Science, 280, p. 698-701.
KENNEDY, P. 1993. Preparando para o século XXI. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
KIM, J. E.; LAPAN, H. E. 2004. Welfare effects of intellectual property rights under asymmetric spillovers. Staff General Research Papers 12206, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
LANDES, D. 1969. The unbound Prometheus. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
LANJOUW, J. O. 2005. Patents, price controls and access to new drugs: how policy affects global market entry. NBER Working Paper 11321, Cambridge, MA.
LEVIN, R. C.; COHEN, W. M.; MOWERY, D. C. 1985. R&D appropriability, opportunity, and market structure: new evidence on some Schumpeterian hypotheses. American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings), 75, p. 20-24.
LEVIN, R. C.; KLEVORICK, A.; NELSON, R.; WINTER, S. 1984. Survey research on R&D appropriability and technological opportunity. New Haven: Yale University, unpublished manuscript.
LISBOA, M.; FIUZA, E. et al. 2001. Política governamental e regulação do mercado de medicamentos. Rio de Janeiro: EPGE/FGV.
LUECK, D.; MICELI, T. 2004. Property law. Working Paper 2004-04, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.
MACEDO, M. F.; PINHEIRO, E. S. 2003. Encontro internacional de atração de investimento direto externo: documento setorial – fármacos. CEPAL, dez.
MALERBA, F.; ORSENIGO, C. 1993. Technological regimes and firm behavior. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 2, n. 1.
MANSFIELD, E. 1998. Academic research and industrial innovation: an update of empirical findings. Research Policy, Elsevier, 26(7-8), p. 773-776.
McCALMAN, P. 2002. The Doha agenda and intellectual property rights. Paper prepared under the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Regional Technical Assistance.
METCALFE, J. S.; BODEN, M. 1990. Strategy, paradigm and evolutionary change. Artigo preparado para a conferência internacional Firm Strategy and Technical Change: Micro Economics or Micro Sociology. Prest: University of Manchester.
MOSER, P. 2003. How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth century world fairs. NBER Working Papers Series 9909, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
NELSON, R.; WINTER, S. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
NELSON, R.; WINTER, S. 1977. In search of a useful theory of innovation. Research Policy, v. 6.
NORDHAUS, W. 1969. Invention, growth and welfare. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
NORDHAUS, W. 1972. The optimal life of the patent: reply. American Economic Review, v. 62, p. 428-431.
ORSI, F.; D’ALMEIDA, C.; HASENCLEVER, L.; CORIAT, B. 2006. Trips-Post 2005 in Southern Countries: the sustainability of public health policies at stake. Paper presented at Intellectual Property Rights for Business and Society, London, DIME Conference, September, 14-15.
OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1981. Patent-term extension and the pharmaceutical industry. Disponível em: http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_5/DATA/1981/8119.PDF.
PASTO, R. 2004. The impact of free trade agreements on intellectual property standards in a post-TRIPS World. mimeo.
PAVITT, K. 1984. Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory. Research Policy, North-Holland, v. 13.
PENROSE, E. 1962. Teoría del crecimiento de la empresa. Madrid: Aguilar.
PORTER, M. 1986. Estratégia competitiva. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
PORTER, M. 1989. Vantagem competitiva. Rio de Janeiro: Campus.
ROSEMBERG, N. 1982. Inside the black box – technology and economics. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
SCHERER, F. M. 1972. Nordhaus’s theory of optimal patent life: a geometric reinterpretation. American Economic Review, v. 62, p. 422-427.
SCHERER, F. M. 2004. The pharmaceutical industry – prices and progress. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, p. 927-932.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. 1939. Business cycles. New York: Macgraw-Hill.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. 1984. Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia (1942). Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
SCHUMPETER, J. A. 1988. Teoria do desenvolvimento econômico (1912). São Paulo: Abril Cultural, Col. Os Economistas.
SHACKLE, G. 1968. A scheme of economic theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
SHAPIRO, C. 2007. Patent reform: aligning reward and contribution. NBER Working Paper 13141, Cambridge, Mass., May.
TAKALO, T. 2001. On the optimal patent policy. Finnish Economic Papers, v. 14, n. 1, Spring.
TEECE, D. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, North-Holland, n. 15, p. 285-305.
TEECE, D. 1989. Technological development and the organization of industry. Artigo apresentado no Séminaire International sur la Science, la Technologie et la Croissance Économique. OECD, Paris, maio.
TEECE, D. 1992. Towards a theory of corporate coherence: preliminary remarks. In: DOSI et al. (org.). Technology and enterprise in a historical perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
VALLEE, T.; YILDIZOGLU, M. 2004. Social and technological efficiency of patent system. Cahiers du GRES, n. 2004, mai.
VIEIRA, V. M. M.; FONSECA, M. G. D. 2004. Patentes e poder de mercado na indústria farmacêutica. Implicações sobre a saúde pública dos países em desenvolvimento. Anais do XXIII Simpósio de Gestão da Inovação Tecnológica, Curitiba, p. 19-22, out.
VIEIRA, V. M. M.; OHAYON, P. 2002. Por que não se faz P&D na indústria farmacêutica brasileira?. Anais do XXII Simpósio de Gestão da Inovação Tecnológica, Salvador.
WALSH, J. P.; ARORA, A.; COHEN, W. M. 2003. Effects of research tool patents and licensing on biomedical innovation. In: COHEN, W. M.; MERRILL, S. (ed.). Patents in the knowledge-based economy. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. (Abridged version in MAZZUCATO, M.; DOSI, G. (ed.). Knowledge accumulation and industry evolution: the case of Pharma Biotech, Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
WALSH, J. P.; ARORA, A.; COHEN, W. M. 2003. Working through the patent problem. Science, 299 (February 14), p. 1020.
WINTER, S. G. 1993. Patents and welfare in an evolutionary model. Industrial and Corporate Change, v. 2, p. 211-231.
WIPO (WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION). 2006. WIPO patent report – Statistics on Worldwide Patent Activities 2006.